Artificial Intelligence, Democracy and Elections

 

Artificial Intelligence, Democracy and Elections

Source: Google

Introduction

The world is constantly evolving amid the rapid rise in digital revolution, and in recent times, Artificial Intelligence (AI) across the globe has transformed every aspect of our lives. Undoubtedly, the incorporation of AI into various sectors is reforming and reshaping the way we perceive and do things. From financial transactions to communication methods, the impact of AI is profoundly significant, and its implications for democracy and elections, particularly in transitional democracies cannot be underestimated.

From a democratic point of view, AI has the potential to enhance the democratic process of countries by facilitating citizen-government interaction and enabling political actors  to better understand constituents' concerns. However, the evolution of AI also introduces risks, particularly in transitional democracies where misinformation and disinformation can incite electoral violence. In countries like Ghana and other parts of Africa, where democracy is still evolving, the proliferation of AI presents both opportunities and challenges.

In 2024, democracy faces a critical test as over 4.2 billion people across more than 60 countries, including the US, India, Mexico, Ghana, etc. go to the polls. In this current era of artificial intelligence (AI) however, the democratic process faces challenges as misinformation and disinformation threaten the integrity of elections.

This publication seeks to examine the relationship between AI, democracy, and elections. By examining the potential benefits and pitfalls of integrating AI into our democratic process, the article seeks to shed light on the opportunities for enhancing democratic governance.

How Will AI Enhance the Democratic Process?

While the concerns about the effect of AI on democracy, particularly elections, are not new; recent developments in the United States, such as the Executive Order by President Joe Biden and the recent trip by Vice President Kamala Harris to the United Kingdom to attend the AI Safety Summit have revived discussions on the matter.

A recent study by UNESCO revealed that AI has the potential to improve democratic values, institutions and processes, including elections in various ways.

Firstly, election management bodies across the globe can leverage AI to improve their oversight of the electoral process. For instance, AI can be used to automate election administration processes, ensuring they are more secure, accurate, and reliable. AI, when implemented and monitored carefully and responsibly, has the potential to detect and rectify irregularities in voters’ registers and voting machines, ultimately exposing instances of fraud. Also, AI-driven tabulators can scan ballot papers at a faster rate than election officers, thereby reducing the time required to declare election results and report any anomalies to the appropriate authorities for redress. This accelerated process could help reduce allegations of fraud in the aftermath of elections.

Secondly, AI serves as a powerful tool for political engagement, allowing for various ways to educate citizens about democratic principles and politicians' positions on important national issues. Specially designed AI tools can update citizens on important policies they are interested in, empowering them to express opinions effectively to governments and politicians.

Moreover, the rapid evolution of AI is fundamentally changing the landscape of political campaigns. Soon, politicians will have the capability to promptly respond to campaign developments and effectively counter any misinformation. The growing utilization of sentiment analysis on social media enables politicians to gain insights into the issues that are sensitive to citizens. Consequently, AI can be employed to tailor campaign messages that align with the interests of distinct groups of people. This strategic approach allows politicians to craft specific campaign messages tailored to the needs of individual voters.

Finally, AI holds significant potential in policymaking by simplifying complex issues and analysing large datasets, thereby enabling policymakers to identify and understand societal challenges more effectively. Furthermore, AI can empower citizens to express their views, mobilize like-minded individuals, and influence policymaking beyond the confines of elections, thus shaping policymaking.

In the Ghanaian context, the country's digital infrastructure is not fully developed to support advanced AI tools for elections. However, the Electoral Commission (EC) has made significant strides by implementing the Biometric Verification System since 2012, marking a foundational step towards modernizing the electoral process.

The issues surrounding voter registration accuracy, including instances of duplicate registrations and concerns about the integrity of voter rolls, have been central to election petitions in 2012 and 2020. These challenges underscore the critical need for enhanced mechanisms to ensure the credibility and transparency of electoral processes in Ghana.

Moving forward, the Electoral Commission of Ghana can leverage AI-driven systems to address these longstanding issues. By integrating biometric voter registration systems supported by AI algorithms, the Commission can bolster the accuracy of voter rolls, detect potential irregularities, and mitigate instances of electoral fraud. This proactive approach not only strengthens the integrity of the electoral process but also enhances public trust and confidence in Ghana's democratic institutions.

 

Challenges of AI on Democracy

While AI has the potential to improve democratic processes, it also presents significant challenges, particularly in developing countries. A UNESCO study shows that by 2026, 90% of online content may be AI-generated. This presents a significant challenge to democracy particularly in elections as AI, can be used to concoct narratives which are not in the public interest.

AI can exacerbate the problem of misinformation and disinformation during election periods by providing countries and groups with inexpensive and readily accessible tools to disseminate falsehoods. This proliferation of misinformation and disinformation can deepen societal divisions and instigate chaos within nations. Fake accounts, manipulated videos, and other AI-generated content have already disrupted the flow of information in numerous countries prior to elections. AI's capability to swiftly generate fake news websites further compounds the confusion. This misinformation and disinformation, highlighted as a top risk in the Global Risks Report 2024, have the potential to destabilize democracies, leading to scepticism about the legitimacy of election outcomes. As Ghanaians approach major elections in 2024, the increasing threat posed by AI highlights the need for vigilant measures to mitigate its adverse effects on democracy.

 

Conditions Necessary for AI to Thrive in Ghana

In exploring the conditions that could make AI thrive in the context of democracy and elections in Ghana,  it is important to consider these factors:

Firstly, there is the need for a robust regulatory framework to govern the implementation and use of AI in the electoral process. This framework should address concerns such as data privacy, data protection, data sharing and accountability to ensure that AI systems are deployed ethically and responsibly.

Secondly, there must be adequate infrastructure and technical capacity to support the integration of AI technologies into the electoral process. This includes investments in data infrastructure, cybersecurity measures, and training programs for election officials, political parties and other stakeholders to effectively utilize AI tools.

Furthermore, promoting transparency and public trust in AI systems is crucial. Citizens need to have confidence that AI technologies are being used to improve the integrity and fairness of the electoral process rather than manipulate outcomes. This requires public education campaigns, open dialogue, and mechanisms for independent oversight and the evaluation of AI systems.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the intersection of AI and democracy presents significant opportunities but also poses challenges, particularly in transitional democracies. Governments, policymakers, and civil society organizations (CSOs) should take proactive measures, such as the Biden administration's AI Executive Order and bipartisan regulatory efforts.

Penplusbytes, a leader in both technology and governance, stands ready to play a crucial role in addressing these challenges. As AI continues to advance, its impact on governance and elections will grow, necessitating ongoing collaboration to harness its potential for positive democratic outcomes. Ahead of the 2024 elections in Ghana and other countries across the world, transparent strategies and vigilant oversight are vital to ensure AI benefits democracy and ensure free and fair elections.

Penplusbytes’ Climate Crisis Journalism Project to Train Journalists on Climate Change Reporting

 Penplusbytes’ Climate Crisis Journalism Project to Train Journalists on Climate Change Reporting

The African continent faces major environmental challenges linked to climate change and Ghana is not left out as can be seen in changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, as well as more frequent and severe weather events such as chronic flooding and harsh harmattan in some parts of the country with its adverse impact on health and the economy.

Relatively little space is allocated to climate change issues in the media. In a 2010 study by the Reuters Institute on media coverage of climate change in Africa , findings showed that about 60 per cent of media persons interviewed identified a lack of training and time pressures as major reasons why climate change has rarely generated coverage commensurate to its significance for the continent’s future prosperity.

Although some steps have been taken to address the aforementioned issues, it is worth noting that the dearth of awareness on the part of citizens about the causes and impacts of climate change has been very low. For many news media and editors, environment is a non-topic although media can help raise awareness of the impact of climate change on our daily lives.

According to recommendations from the Reuters Institute study, the media can do a lot more in shaping public understanding of climate change and public policies. The poor perception of the subject by both editors and journalists can be reshaped through training and workshops.

In light of this, Penplusbytes with support from DW Akademie under its Climate Crisis Journalism Project, will from the 25th to the 27th of January 2022, gather selected Ghanaian journalists and build their capacity in the subject matter to enable them conduct in-depth and investigative reporting on climate-related issues.

The three-day training session will be delivered by climate change experts and seasoned journalists in the environment and climate fields who will be engaged as resource persons to expose and orient the selected journalists to the intricacies of climate change, international best practices, trust building, and addressing disinformation, among other topic areas.

According to the Executive Director of Penplusbytes, Jerry Sam, "It is imperative to fight the growing climate crisis with a multi-pronged approach and this training will seek to equip the selected journalists with the requisite knowledge and skills to inform, educate and shape public discourse on the climate crisis in a responsible manner, enabling the people to act and shape the clean, green and sustainable climate for the future and its generations”.

To assess and sustain in the short term the impact of the trainings received, Programme Manager for Penplusbytes, Precious Ankomah says, journalists will be motivated through a competitive micro grant system for in-depth stories generation around climate change in Ghana.

The trained journalists will also be mentored by seasoned experts and will go through some refresher courses that will be delivered in a hybrid format (both virtual and face-to-face engagements).

 

About Penplusbytes

Penplusbytes is a not-for-profit organization driving change through innovations in the following key areas: using new digital technologies to enable good governance and accountability, new media and innovations, climate and well-being, and enhancing oversight for effective utilisation of mining, oil and gas revenue and resources.